Chapter 12 — Salthill

Neglect and emotional abuse

The Visitor proposed a number of recommendations for the future sustainability of the School which included: i.that a suitable Brother be appointed to accept responsibility for the Senior boys ... His main duties would be to assist them in the transition from institutional to normal social life, to teach them the social graces e.g. behaviour at social affairs (none of the apprentices can now attend a dance – they must be in by 10pm) to support them in their apprenticeship difficulties, to help them to accept personal responsibility for their life as they enter the adult world. Such a Brother therefore should not have the institutional mentality or be engrossed in the child-care approach. An example of a suitable person is Brother ... presently studying at the hostel though it would hardly be fair to interfere with his studies at the present time ... ii.that the plans proposed by the Manager of renovating the former infirmary as a group home for the apprentices is approved in principle. However, the visitor felt that, if this plan of providing a separate home is accepted, it should be done thoroughly and not on a patch-work basis since a large factor in the success of making these boys self-respecting and socially acceptable will be the home environment in which they find themselves and of which they can be proud. Hot and cold water, central heating, suitable and adequate showering facilities and pleasant rooms for sleeping and recreation are important even though they will obviously be rather expensive. iii.that the further plans of the Manager for dividing the boys into groups with their own home-areas be examined sympathetically. iv.that the assistant cook (or other lady) be employed to take care of the dormitory of the younger boys and of their clothing. In general the bed linen of the boys is not changed frequently enough, they get changes of underclothing only once a week. v.that a suitable ‘dig’ be rented by the school and used to train the apprentices in social behaviour. This could be done by placing each apprentice there for a two or three-week period and making arrangements with the landlady for reports on their behaviour. Since the boys would know that they would be shortly returning to the Home, they would not experience the feeling of panic at the prospect as they do now and they would not be completely on their own. vi.that financial arrangements be made to assist the apprentices in their digs until their income is adequate for their own support ... vii. ... Perhaps the greatest need of the boys is to achieve some sense of individuality, the very nature of an institution militates against this.

The remainder of the Visitation Reports for the 1970s noted the changing face of the School. A group home-style system was put in place and female staff hired. The type of boy resident in the School also subtly changed over time so that, by the late 1970s, it mainly provided shelter for boys from broken homes who had emotional or psychological needs.

The problems were still acute, however, and two groups of local people were sufficiently concerned to write letters setting out their concerns.

Following the publication of the Kennedy Report in 1970, the Secretary of the Galway Godparents Association wrote to the Department of Education on 9th January 1971 about two industrial schools, including St Joseph’s, Salthill, in which the organisation had taken particular interest. She described the work the Association was doing: The Committee of our Association organised classes in Art, Crafts, Music, Physical Education, Games & Elocution in both ... & St. Josephs. The classes were conducted by qualified teachers who gave their time free of charge & our Association bore all expenses for equipment & materials. The classes were a remarkable success and the children were benefiting immensely from them.

Regarding Salthill, the Association made three complaints: The Manager of St. Joseph’s is elderly and has no training in Child Care. He was appointed to his present post in August 1970 and it is his first experience of working in an Industrial School. Since his appointment he has discouraged the Godparent idea and has refused any additional Godparents, even though many of the boys have no family to take them out for regular visits. We get the impression that he is unaware of the great difficulties which the boys face when they leave the institution – serious difficulties which we are coming across continuously. The boys in primary school do not go out to school. St. Josephs is an all male institution ... We fully agree with the Reports’ Assessment of the disadvantage of this sex segregation. There is no question of any of the children in ... St. Josephs ... being educated to the ultimate of their capacity. There is a crying need ... for specialised teaching and provision for third level education. After Care is simply non-existent. ... boys are unable to find suitable digs, are unable to manage in flats and have no place to go for holidays or days off, no one to care for them if they are sick or unemployed. Their extreme loneliness often drives them to do the very things for which they are branded. Not alone is there a need for pre-release Hostels and trained social workers & After Care agents but that these trained people should be working with the children during the years prior to their discharge, thus being well-acquainted with them & gaining their confidence.

The letter went on: We feel that there is no justification for the continued existence of either ... or St Josephs’ in their present form. The damage being done to the children in both institutions can only be halted by an immediate change in the system.

In the summer of 1972, a representative of the Godparents Association wrote, on its behalf, to the Provincial Council expressing deep concern for the boys in Salthill. She did not elaborate on what these concerns were, but requested a meeting with members of the Council to discuss the problems. She received short shrift from the Council, who informed her in no uncertain terms that they saw little purpose in convening such a meeting and suggested that she discuss any issues with the Resident Manager who, she was assured, would be ‘very sympathetic and accommodating’. The true sentiments of the Provincial Council to the approach by the Association were reflected in an undated memorandum which stated: They wrote a highly critical and uncomplimentary letter to the Galway Advertiser about the Nuns in Lenaboy. Are in the bad books of the Bishop. Went to the Minister. Are interfering and seek notoriety.

The Christian Brothers were quite happy to dismiss the Association rather than seek elaboration on the substance of their concerns.

A year later, the Irish Countrywomen’s Association wrote a strong report to the Department of Education, calling for urgent action to deal with the plight of children in industrial schools. They identified the key aim of childcare as being to prevent family breakdown and saw residential care as a last resort. They were particularly critical of the single-sex policy that operated in Galway, which led to the inevitable break-up of families: We have witnessed the heartbreak of these deprived children on arrival at the institutions; the added heartbreak when they are separated, brothers from sisters. Our own doctors have treated the children for lice, scabies and contagious impetigo and are willing to bear testimony to this.

They were also critical of the aftercare provided in Galway: Many of the boys leave at sixteen with only a very poor primary education and go from one menial job to another. It is not unusual for one boy to have been in nine jobs in the space of two years. For some time there has been a pattern of boys from St Josephs sleeping out because they have nowhere to go. Some boys who have left Galway within the past three years are now in Limerick jail. What becomes of those who emigrate?

Conditions in Salthill in 1973 were described by a former manager, Br Ames,32 who took up office in that year. He described his experiences there in an interview he gave for Congregation purposes. When he arrived in August 1973, there were about 47 boys in the School. He found that there was no trust with the older boys but it was possible to communicate with the younger ones. There was some bullying going on by the bigger boys, and they were able to intimidate the younger ones from relating to the Brothers. He said the boys were violent and cruel.

It was clear to Br Ames that big changes had to be made, and he decided that the place should be changed into residential homes. He stated that he failed to get funding for the work from the Department of Education and so went to the bank and borrowed £15,000. The Department of Education discovery, however, indicated that, in 1974, ‘The Home was remodelled interiorly at a cost of £8,000 £6,000 of a grant was given by the Dep. of Education’.

Br Ames said that he and his colleagues tried different schemes, and eventually installed 15 bedrooms with living/dining areas attached, so as to replicate a family environment as far as possible.

Other changes were made whereby staff were increased and engaged full-time in care work rather than having to teach. Older boys who were going out to work used the School as a residential facility to help them with the transition from institutional life to that in the outside world. The other boys went out to school instead of being taught in the Institution. They were able to make friends and acquaintances outside, and sometimes visitors came back to the School. Members of a family could live together in one unit. If a parent visited, he or she could be welcomed and treated with respect.

The whole system, in short, was organised on civilised and sensitive lines, with a view to making the lives of the boys as close to normal as possible. Br Ames acknowledged that what he did could not have been achieved with larger numbers, but he did point out that another Brother had had considerable success in Artane when he reduced the number of boys in a unit to 30.